Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

View: New views
9 Messages — Rating Filter:   Alert me  

Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by Ken Blankenship :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:

http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html 

I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
personal emails.

But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
group informed.

Thank you for any additional comments you may have,

Ken Blankenship
Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
Birding Association)
http://www.wingsoverga.com 


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by Norman D.van Swelm :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

It would be interesting to read the opinions of those who wrote privately so
that we can all learn from their arguments. This bird is a wonderfull
example of confusing all camps. Lee points at the rather long tibia which
may favour PAGOPL.  AMGOPL however has tibia that vary in length some of
which seem to overlap with PAGOPL as in my opinion is the case with this
bird. The long wings extending clearly passed the tail favours AMGOPL since
the wingtips of PAGOPL  barely exceed the tip of the tail. So my vote goes
to AMGOPL probably a female.
Cheers, Norman

Ken Blankenship wrote>: A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in
South
Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:

http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html

I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
personal emails.

But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
group informed.

Thank you for any additional comments you may have,

Ken Blankenship
Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
Birding Association)
http://www.wingsoverga.com


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by julian hough :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Ken,

On an initial glance, I don't see too much wrong for American Golden Plover,
so I would respectfully disagree with Lee's comments about the bird being a
Pacific..or maybe I'm just not seeing it. The overall shape looks OK for
AGPL and there seems to be rather a lot of whitish-tipped feathers on the
upperparts and wings and the wingpoint looks long and extends past the tail
quite a bit. I often have an impossible time trying to use bill length as an
indicator.
Again, tough from one image.
The second question would be to age the bird...are we sure it's an adult?
Could it be a 2nd cal-year bird?
The wingtips look long, too long for a Pacific but it's hard to judge the
wear - they don't look too frayed and warn, but appear brownish. American
Golden Plovers molt into breeding plumage later than Pacifics (May), so one
would expect AGPL in July to be rather crisp and stunning, whereas Pacifics
attain breeding plumage earlier and so by late summer would be more worn.
The bird is rather tatty for an American Golden Plover in July, but maybe
it's due to poor health or just a bird in advanced plumage.
Maybe Kevin Karlson, or Peter Pyle could add something relevant on molt of
this bird since that may hold a clue to it's identity?

best,

Julian Hough,
CT, USA
jrhough1@...

www.naturescapeimages.net
----- Original Message -----
From: "Ken Blankenship" <kenhblankenship@...>
To: <BIRDWG01@...>
Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 6:32 PM
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09


Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:

http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html

I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
personal emails.

But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
group informed.

Thank you for any additional comments you may have,

Ken Blankenship
Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
Birding Association)
http://www.wingsoverga.com


Join or Leave BIRDWG01:
http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html 


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Parent Message unknown Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by phil barnett-3 :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

At this risk of agreeing with Lee again, I think the bird is probably a Pacific. Looking in 'Tundra Plovers' it says "projected backwards, the bill reaches well beyond the eye in Pacific, but barely across the eye in American.....". Commencing body moult in early July would also be fine for Pacific, but outside the typical range for adult and 2nd cal year American.         
 
Cheers,
 
Phil

--- On Fri, 23/10/09, Julian Hough <jrhough1@...> wrote:

From: Julian Hough <jrhough1@...>
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09
To: BIRDWG01@...
Date: Friday, 23 October, 2009, 1:20 AM

Ken,

On an initial glance, I don't see too much wrong for American Golden Plover, so I would respectfully disagree with Lee's comments about the bird being a Pacific..or maybe I'm just not seeing it. The overall shape looks OK for AGPL and there seems to be rather a lot of whitish-tipped feathers on the upperparts and wings and the wingpoint looks long and extends past the tail quite a bit. I often have an impossible time trying to use bill length as an indicator.
Again, tough from one image.
The second question would be to age the bird...are we sure it's an adult? Could it be a 2nd cal-year bird?
The wingtips look long, too long for a Pacific but it's hard to judge the wear - they don't look too frayed and warn, but appear brownish. American Golden Plovers molt into breeding plumage later than Pacifics (May), so one would expect AGPL in July to be rather crisp and stunning, whereas Pacifics attain breeding plumage earlier and so by late summer would be more worn. The bird is rather tatty for an American Golden Plover in July, but maybe it's due to poor health or just a bird in advanced plumage.
Maybe Kevin Karlson, or Peter Pyle could add something relevant on molt of this bird since that may hold a clue to it's identity?

best,

Julian Hough,
CT, USA
jrhough1@...

www.naturescapeimages.net
----- Original Message ----- From: "Ken Blankenship" <kenhblankenship@...>
To: <BIRDWG01@...>
Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 6:32 PM
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09


Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:

http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html

I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
personal emails.

But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
group informed.

Thank you for any additional comments you may have,

Ken Blankenship
Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
Birding Association)
http://www.wingsoverga.com


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html


Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by Steven Mlodinow :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Greetings All

Without taking a longer look, I can not really ID this bird
But let me say a couple things
First, I agree with Julian in a gut instinct that this is a 1 year old bird; many of our early southbound birds in WA are as well.
Secondly, I must agree with Phil and Lee that the bill looks rather long for a AGPL. However, wear around the base of the bill can accentuate that, and that should be re-looked at/considered.
Third, to me, the primary extension seems somewhat at the long end for PGPL and I really don't see any yellow in the supercilium on my computer.

So, as I said, I can't identify this bird from these couple photos. Birds in this plumage are often exceptionally difficult to identify, and I have prolonged good looks at lone individuals -- and had to walk away leaving them as "Golden-Plover."

Cheers
Steve Mlodinow


-----Original Message-----
From: phil barnett <philbarnettox@...>
To: BIRDWG01@...
Sent: Fri, Oct 23, 2009 3:35 am
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

At this risk of agreeing with Lee again, I think the bird is probably a Pacific. Looking in 'Tundra Plovers' it says "projected backwards, the bill reaches well beyond the eye in Pacific, but barely across the eye in American.....". Commencing body moult in early July would also be fine for Pacific, but outside the typical range for adult and 2nd cal year American.         
 
Cheers,
 
Phil

--- On Fri, 23/10/09, Julian Hough <jrhough1@...> wrote:

From: Julian Hough <jrhough1@...>
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09
To: BIRDWG01@...
Date: Friday, 23 October, 2009, 1:20 AM

Ken,

On an initial glance, I don't see too much wrong for American Golden Plover, so I would respectfully disagree with Lee's comments about the bird being a Pacific..or maybe I'm just not seeing it. The overall shape looks OK for AGPL and there seems to be rather a lot of whitish-tipped feathers on the upperparts and wings and the wingpoint looks long and extends past the tail quite a bit. I often have an impossible time trying to use bill length as an indicator.
Again, tough from one image.
The second question would be to age the bird...are we sure it's an adult? Could it be a 2nd cal-year bird?
The wingtips look long, too long for a Pacific but it's hard to judge the wear - they don't look too frayed and warn, but appear brownish. American Golden Plovers molt into breeding plumage later than Pacifics (May), so one would expect AGPL in July to be rather crisp and stunning, whereas Pacifics attain breeding plumage earlier and so by late summer would be more worn. The bird is rather tatty for an American Golden Plover in July, but maybe it's due to poor health or just a bird in advanced plumage.
Maybe Kevin Karlson, or Peter Pyle could add something relevant on molt of this bird since that may hold a clue to it's identity?

best,

Julian Hough,
CT, USA
jrhough1@...

www.naturescapeimages.net
----- Original Message ----- From: "Ken Blankenship" <kenhblankenship@...>
To: <BIRDWG01@...>
Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 6:32 PM
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09


Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:

http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html

I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
personal emails.

But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
group informed.

Thank you for any additional comments you may have,

Ken Blankenship
Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
Birding Association)
http://www.wingsoverga.com


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html


Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by Peter Pyle :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Hello Julian and all -

Typically we cannot age American Golden-Plovers in spring because
both first-cycle and adult birds undergo a complete molt on the
winter grounds, and we lose characters related to molt limits and
flight-feather condition. Pacific Golden-Plover differs in that the
preformative (post-juvenile) molt is partial, with the juvenal
primaries, etc. retained, and so SYs (second-calendar-year birds) are
much easier to age in spring by, for example, having very worn and
bleached outer primaries. The SC bird has outer primaries in pretty
good shape for July, leading me to believe that it is not an SY Pacific.

I agree with Doug Pratt that the best feature indicating American for
this bird is the shape of the white stripe along the sides of the
breast, bulging at the top of the wing and not extending down the
flanks. I also agree that the wing-tips look long for Pacific,
relative to the tail tip. As for age on an American, I don't think we
can make a definitive call, although it is likely that SYs average
less-extensive and less-bright breeding plumage in their first
summer, sex for sex. I feel a little more comfortable calling it a
female, though, based on plumage.

Peter Pyle

At 05:20 PM 10/22/2009, Julian Hough wrote:

>Ken,
>
>On an initial glance, I don't see too much wrong for American Golden
>Plover, so I would respectfully disagree with Lee's comments about
>the bird being a Pacific..or maybe I'm just not seeing it. The
>overall shape looks OK for AGPL and there seems to be rather a lot
>of whitish-tipped feathers on the upperparts and wings and the
>wingpoint looks long and extends past the tail quite a bit. I often
>have an impossible time trying to use bill length as an indicator.
>Again, tough from one image.
>The second question would be to age the bird...are we sure it's an
>adult? Could it be a 2nd cal-year bird?
>The wingtips look long, too long for a Pacific but it's hard to
>judge the wear - they don't look too frayed and warn, but appear
>brownish. American Golden Plovers molt into breeding plumage later
>than Pacifics (May), so one would expect AGPL in July to be rather
>crisp and stunning, whereas Pacifics attain breeding plumage earlier
>and so by late summer would be more worn. The bird is rather tatty
>for an American Golden Plover in July, but maybe it's due to poor
>health or just a bird in advanced plumage.
>Maybe Kevin Karlson, or Peter Pyle could add something relevant on
>molt of this bird since that may hold a clue to it's identity?
>
>best,
>
>Julian Hough,
>CT, USA
>jrhough1@...
>
>www.naturescapeimages.net
>----- Original Message ----- From: "Ken Blankenship"
><kenhblankenship@...>
>To: <BIRDWG01@...>
>Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 6:32 PM
>Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09
>
>
>Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
>Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:
>
>http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html
>
>I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
>also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
>good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
>Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
>personal emails.
>
>But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
>be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
>group informed.
>
>Thank you for any additional comments you may have,
>
>Ken Blankenship
>Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
>Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
>Birding Association)
>http://www.wingsoverga.com
>
>
>Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01
>
>Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html
>
>Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01
>
>Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Re: Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09

by julian hough :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Peter and Doug, as usual, expanded on the bird's identity with some
additional important features. The primaries being retained in 2nd cal yr
Pacifics vs American's was noted and used on a couple of other "problem"
birds this past year, notably a "non-breeding" bird in the UK.

I agree with Doug about the breast pattern bulge.  Also, the presence or
absence of black on the flanks can be hard to assess (on some birds) when
the wing may be obscuring these areas and I couldn't get a sense from that
one pic what was actually going on there, other than to say that there
seemed to be a lot of black butting up against the wingedge - again better
for AGPL.
 I agree it fits AGPL rather than PAGP but again, these birds have prompted
us to look closely at features and moult patterns that will greatly assist
observers in making correct ids of percieved difficult birds.

Best,

Julian Hough,
CT, USA
jrhough1@...

www.naturescapeimages.net
----- Original Message -----
From: "Peter Pyle" <ppyle@...>
To: <BIRDWG01@...>
Sent: Friday, October 23, 2009 1:21 PM
Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09


> Hello Julian and all -
>
> Typically we cannot age American Golden-Plovers in spring because both
> first-cycle and adult birds undergo a complete molt on the winter grounds,
> and we lose characters related to molt limits and flight-feather
> condition. Pacific Golden-Plover differs in that the preformative
> (post-juvenile) molt is partial, with the juvenal primaries, etc.
> retained, and so SYs (second-calendar-year birds) are much easier to age
> in spring by, for example, having very worn and bleached outer primaries.
> The SC bird has outer primaries in pretty good shape for July, leading me
> to believe that it is not an SY Pacific.
>
> I agree with Doug Pratt that the best feature indicating American for this
> bird is the shape of the white stripe along the sides of the breast,
> bulging at the top of the wing and not extending down the flanks. I also
> agree that the wing-tips look long for Pacific, relative to the tail tip.
> As for age on an American, I don't think we can make a definitive call,
> although it is likely that SYs average less-extensive and less-bright
> breeding plumage in their first summer, sex for sex. I feel a little more
> comfortable calling it a female, though, based on plumage.
>
> Peter Pyle
>
> At 05:20 PM 10/22/2009, Julian Hough wrote:
>>Ken,
>>
>>On an initial glance, I don't see too much wrong for American Golden
>>Plover, so I would respectfully disagree with Lee's comments about the
>>bird being a Pacific..or maybe I'm just not seeing it. The overall shape
>>looks OK for AGPL and there seems to be rather a lot of whitish-tipped
>>feathers on the upperparts and wings and the wingpoint looks long and
>>extends past the tail quite a bit. I often have an impossible time trying
>>to use bill length as an indicator.
>>Again, tough from one image.
>>The second question would be to age the bird...are we sure it's an adult?
>>Could it be a 2nd cal-year bird?
>>The wingtips look long, too long for a Pacific but it's hard to judge the
>>wear - they don't look too frayed and warn, but appear brownish. American
>>Golden Plovers molt into breeding plumage later than Pacifics (May), so
>>one would expect AGPL in July to be rather crisp and stunning, whereas
>>Pacifics attain breeding plumage earlier and so by late summer would be
>>more worn. The bird is rather tatty for an American Golden Plover in July,
>>but maybe it's due to poor health or just a bird in advanced plumage.
>>Maybe Kevin Karlson, or Peter Pyle could add something relevant on molt of
>>this bird since that may hold a clue to it's identity?
>>
>>best,
>>
>>Julian Hough,
>>CT, USA
>>jrhough1@...
>>
>>www.naturescapeimages.net
>>----- Original Message ----- From: "Ken Blankenship"
>><kenhblankenship@...>
>>To: <BIRDWG01@...>
>>Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 6:32 PM
>>Subject: Re: [BIRDWG01] Golden-Plover Species, South Carolina, USA 7/4/09
>>
>>
>>Hello, folks. A second photograph of the unknown Golden-Plover in South
>>Carolina, USA on 4 July 2009 has been added at the link below:
>>
>>http://www.carolinabirdclub.org/gallery/amgp_giduz.html
>>
>>I have not received as much feedback so far as I might have hoped, but I
>>also acknowledge that the photos taken by the observer are not terribly
>>good for such a difficult identification. I have been pointed towards
>>Pacific Golden-Plover by a few experts, both on this ListServ and via
>>personal emails.
>>
>>But of course, I recognize the possibility that a 100% certain ID may not
>>be possible given the photos. If more become available I will keep this
>>group informed.
>>
>>Thank you for any additional comments you may have,
>>
>>Ken Blankenship
>>Editor, "From the Field" (Georgia Ornithological Society)
>>Southern Atlantic Regional Editor, "North American Birds" (American
>>Birding Association)
>>http://www.wingsoverga.com
>>
>>
>>Join or Leave BIRDWG01:
>>http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01
>>
>>Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html
>>
>>Join or Leave BIRDWG01:
>>http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01
>>
>>Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html
>
>
> Join or Leave BIRDWG01:
> http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01
>
> Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html 


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Long-toed Stint/Least Sandpiper

by Peter Pyle :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Hello all -

A small Calidris sandpiper in Central California over the past three
days is suspected to be a Long-toed Stint, but it makes us realize
how little we study and understand variation in Least Sandpipers:

http://thebloggerhead.wordpress.com/

Comments welcomed, and please cc Keith Hansen <birdhansen@...>

Thanks,

Peter


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html

Parent Message unknown Re: Long-toed Stint/Least Sandpiper

by Jim Pike :: Rate this Message:

Reply to Author | View Threaded | Show Only this Message

Hi,

Noah Strycker posted some superb photos of this bird which can be found
here: http://www.noahstrycker.com/photos/700/longtoedstint.htm
I think the bird is much less interesting as a candidate for Long-toed
Stint in the still photos than it is in the video.

Jim Pike
Huntington Beach


Join or Leave BIRDWG01: http://listserv.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=birdwg01

Archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/birdwg01.html